Meanwhile the support has acted and so it works:
<?php
exec("/usr/bin/php74 /www/htdocs/xxx/concrete_cms/concrete/bin/concrete concrete:scheduler:run >> /dev/null 2>&1", $out, $result);
echo "Returncode: " .$result ."<br>";
echo "Ausgabe des Scripts: " ."<br>";
echo "<pre>"; print_r($out);
?>
/usr/bin/php74 works.
Thank you.